Copyright came about with the invention of the printing press and with wider public literacy.
- legal concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers' monopolies at the beginning of the 18th century.
- Charles II of England concerned by the unregulated copying of books and passed the Licensing of the Press Act 1662 by Act of Parliament,
- established a register of licensed books and required a copy to be deposited with the Stationers' Company, essentially continuing the licensing of material that had long been in effect.
- Copyright laws allow products of creative human activities, such as literary and artistic production, to be preferentially exploited and thus incentivized.
- Different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why copyright emerged in Europe and not, for example,
. In Asia there was generally a lack of any concept of literary property due to the general relations of production, the specific organization of literary production and the role of culture in society.
. latter refers to the tendency of oral societies, such as that of Europe in the medieval period, to view knowledge as the product and expression of the collective, rather than to see it as individual proper.
-However, intellectual production comes to be seen as a product of an individual, with attendant rights. Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing "fair" exceptions to the creator's exclusivity of copyright, and giving users certain rights.
DIGITAL WATERMARKING.-Digital watermark is a kind of marker covertly embedded in a noise-tolerant signal such as audio or image data.
- May be used to verify the authenticity or integrity of the carrier signal or to show the identity of its owners.
- Prominently used for tracing copyright infringements and for banknote authentication.
- traditional watermarks, digital watermarks are only perceptible under certain conditions, i.e. after using some algorithm, and imperceptible anytime else.
- Traditional Watermarks may be applied to visible media (like images or video), whereas in digital watermarking, the signal may be audio, pictures, video, texts or 3D models.
- The first watermarks appeared in Italy during the 13th century, but their use rapidly spread across Europe.
- The marks a wire sewn onto the paper mold. Watermarks continue to be used today as manufacturer's marks and to prevent forgery.
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