TYPOGRAPHIC SKILLS

TYPOGRAPHY.

HISTORY ->  From the Greek words is the art and technique of arranging type in order to make the language it forms most appealing to transparent learning and recognition.
 Arrangement of type involves the selection of typefaces, point size, line length, leading (line spacing), adjusting the spaces between groups of letters (tracking) and adjusting the space between pairs of letters.

typography anatomy

-Performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic designers, art directors
, comic book artists, graffiti artists, clerical workers, and anyone else who arranges type for a product.

ASCENDER.-Is the portion of a minuscule letter in a Latin-derived alphabet that extends above the mean line of a font.
BAR.-Modification consisting of a line drawn through a grapheme.
-It may be used as a diacritic to derive new letters from old ones, or simply as an addition to make a grapheme more distinct from others.
-It can take the form of a vertical bar, slash, or crossbar.

BASELINE.
-The baseline is the line upon which most letters "sit" and below which descenders extend example g,j,p,q and y.BOWL.
 -The curved part of the character that encloses the circular or curved parts (counter) of some letters such as d, b, o, D, and B is the bowl.
BRACKET.
-The bracket is a curved or wedge-like connection between the stem and serif of some fonts.
-Not all serifs are bracketed serifs. Brackets can have different shapes with deep or gentle curves.
CONTRAST.
-The degree of difference between the thick and thin strokes ina font (if any).
COUNTER.-The enclosed or partially enclosed circular or curved negative space (white space) of some letters such as d, o, and s is the counter.
DESCENDER.-The portion of some lowercase letters, such as g and y, that extends or descends below the baseline is the descender.
LOOP.
-The enclosed or partially enclosed extenders on cursive p, b, l, and similiar letters are also called loops.
-Both uppercase and lowercase cursive letters often have extra loops and flourishes.
SANS SERIF .
-A general term for fonts without traditional serifs ('sans' is the French for 'without').
SERIF.-A serif is the little extra stroke found at the end of main vertical and horizontal strokes of some letterforms.
-Serifs fall into various groups and can be generally described as hairline (hair), square (slab), or wedge and are either bracketed or unbracketed.SHOULDER.
-The curve at the beginning of a leg of a character, such as in an “m.”
STEM.
-The stem is the main, usually vertical stroke of a letterform.
Also Known As: stroke.
STRESS.-The thickening of curved strokes and the position or angle of this thickening in relationship to the vertical axis.
-An important design feature of most typeface and lettering styles, stress is derived from a related feature in writing created with a broad-edged writing instrument.X-HEIGHT.
- x-height is the distance between the baseline of a line of type and tops of the main body of lower case letters (i.e. excluding ascenders or descenders).
-The x-height is a factor in typeface identification and readability.TYPOGRRAPHY MEASURE.-Is the length of a line of text. For a single-column design measure should ideally lie between 40 & 80 characters.
-Many typographers consider the perfect measure to be 65 characters.
-If the lines are too short then the text becomes disjointed, if they are too long the content loses rhythm as the reader searches for the start of each line.
-Punctuation should preferably hang outside the measure.