- The boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm, considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, as distinct from postmodernism. Also promotes radical social reforms. Many artists have aligned themselves with the avant-garde movement and still continue to do so, tracing a history from Dada through the Situationists to postmodern artists such as the Language poets around 1981.
CONSTRUCTIVIST.
- Art is characterized by a total abstraction, acceptance and everything modern.
Often very geometric, it is usually experimental, and is rarely emotional.
- The art is often very simple and reduced, paring the artwork down to its basic elements.
A desire to express the experience of modern life - its dynamism, its new and disorientating qualities of space and time.
- First appears as a positive term in Naum Gabo's Realistic Manifesto of 1920.
- The movement was an important influence on new graphic design techniques championed by El Lissitzky.
- His stylistic characteristics and experimentation with production techniques developed in the 1920s and 30s have been an influence on graphic designers since.
- His most famous work was the 1919 propaganda poster "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge".
FUTURISM.
- Was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century.
- It emphasized and glorified themes associated with contemporary concepts of the future, including speed, technology, youth and violence, and objects such as the car, the aeroplane and the industrial city.
- Futurists practised in every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, urban design, theatre, film, fashion, textiles, literature, music, architecture and even gastronomy.
MOVEMENT.- Futurism is an avant-garde movement founded in Milan in 1909 by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.
- Launched the movement in his Futurist Manifesto, published for the first time on 5 February 1909 in La gazzetta dell'Emilia, an article in the French daily newspaper Le Figaro on 20 February 1909.
FUTURISM IN LITERATURE.
- A literary movement made its official debut with F.T. Marinetti's Manifesto of Futurism (1909), as it delineated the various ideals Futurist poetry should strive for.
- Futurist literature, can be characterized by its unexpected combinations of images and hyper-conciseness (not to be confused with the actual length of the poem).
- Called their style of poetry parole in libertà (word autonomy) in which all ideas of meter were rejected and the word became the main unit of concern.
- In this way, the Futurists managed to create a new language free of syntax punctuation, and metrics that allowed for free expression.
AEROPAINTING.
- Was a major expression of the second generation of Futurism beginning in 1926.
- Aeropainting was varied in subject matter and treatment, including realism (especially in works of propaganda), abstraction, dynamism, quiet Umbrian landscapes, portraits of Mussolini (e.g. Dottori's Portrait of il Duce), devotional religious paintings, decorative art, and pictures of planes.
- Launched in a manifesto of 1929, Perspectives of Flight, signed by Benedetta, Depero, Dottori, Fillìa, Marinetti, Prampolini, Somenzi and Tato (Guglielmo Sansoni).
- Eventually there were over a hundred aeropainters. Major figures include Fortunato Depero, Enrico Prampolini, Gerardo Dottori and Crali. Crali continued to produce aeropittura up until the 1980s.
BAUHAUS.
- Was first founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar.
- The Bauhaus style later became one of the most influential currents in modern design, Modernist architecture and art, design and architectural education.
- The Bauhaus had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography.
- Important influence on Bauhaus was modernism, a cultural movement whose origins lay as far back as the 1880s, and which had already made its presence felt in Germany before the World War, despite the prevailing conservatism.
-Art as Life, the biggest Bauhaus exhibition in the UK in over 40 years.
DE STIJL.
- "The Style", also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917 in Amsterdam.
- The group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), Vilmos Huszár (1884–1960), and Bart van der Leck (1876–1958), and the architects Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964), Robert van 't Hoff (1887–1979), and J. J. P. Oud (1890–1963).
- De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used only primary colors along with black and white.
- De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg (1883–1931).
DADA.
- Was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century.
- Claim began in Zurich, Switzerland in 1916, spreading to Berlin shortly thereafter but the height of New York Dada was the year before in 1915.The Language of Art Knowledge,
- Was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of World War I.
- This international movement was begun by a group of artists and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich.
- He rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense, irrationality and intuition. The origin of the name Dada is unclear; some believe that it is a nonsensical word.
- Theory says that the name "Dada" came during a meeting of the group when a paper knife stuck into a French-German dictionary happened to point to 'dada', a French word for 'hobbyhorse.
MOVEMENT.
- Primarily involved visual arts, literature, poetry, art manifestoes, art theory, theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works.
- Dada was also anti-bourgeois and had political affinities with the radical left.
First edition of the publication DADA by Tristan Tzara; Zurich 1917.
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